Toluene diisocyanate (TDI), methylene diisocyanate (MDI), and related chemicals are industrial components in the polymerization of urethane coatings and insulation materials. Urethanes have widespread uses in sealants, coatings, finishes, glues, and even medical applications (eg, casts). Most two-part urethane products contain some amount of one of these chemicals, and lesser amounts contaminate one-part systems. Methyl isocyanate (the toxin released in the disaster in Bhopal, India) is a carbamate insecticide precursor; it is not used in urethanes, has actions different from those of the TDI group of chemicals, and is not discussed here (see Table IV–4).

1. 
   

   Mechanism of toxicity. TDI and related isocyanates act as irritants and sensitizers at very low concentrations. The mechanism is poorly understood. They may act as haptens or through cell-mediated immune pathways. Once a person is sensitized to one isocyanate, cross-reactivity to others often occurs.

   
   
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   Toxic dose.

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