HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

To use this book to best advantage, read the appropriate sections before you embark on a trip. In this way, you’ll remember where to find information in case of an emergency. Use the index to locate specific topics, such as bee stings, frostbite, or choking. When reading about different problems, you may be referred to general instructions for medical aid, which are presented in Parts One and Two. All readers are encouraged to participate in organized first-aid and outdoor safety programs, such as those offered by the National Ski Patrol, American Red Cross, Outward Bound, National Outdoor Leadership School, Stonehearth Open Learning Opportunities, Advanced Wilderness Life Support, Wilderness Advanced Life Support, and OutdoorSafe. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training that conforms to American Heart Association standards is available through multiple venues.

Many drugs recommended in the book are available only through prescriptions provided by physicians, who should explain each drug’s use and side effects. All pregnant women should consult a physician before any expedition for current advice on the advisability of activities, immunizations, and the use of particular drugs. Many of the drugs mentioned in the book are listed in Appendix One.

For estimation of body weight, 1 kilogram (kg) equals 2.2 pounds (lb), so each pound equals 0.45 kilogram. For temperature conversion (when reading thermometers) between Fahrenheit and Centigrade (Celsius), use the following formula:

A temperature conversion table is found on page 509. Volume and weight conversion tables are found on pages 512 and 513. For most practical purposes, 1 liter of liquid can be used interchangeably with 1 quart. I have also provided metric equivalents (sometimes rough) for most of the measurements given.

Although most people do not have ready access to oxygen tanks and masks, I have sometimes recommended oxygen administration for the benefit of those who are so equipped. Information about oxygen administration is found on page 431.

When administering an injection, never share needles between people. Appendix Three briefly discusses guidelines for prevention of hepatitis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and other diseases transmitted via contact with human blood and other body fluids.

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