14.5 Foreign bodies and caustic ingestion
Nasal foreign bodies
Introduction
Nasal foreign bodies are a relatively common presentation to a paediatric emergency department (ED), although there is little published literature on the subject. They are not life threatening, but can cause significant morbidity.
History
Nasal foreign bodies predominantly present in children from 2 to 5 years of age. Children with nasal foreign bodies are usually brought in within 24 hours of insertion/impaction. Delayed presentation is mostly with unilateral purulent nasal discharge, which is usually offensive. Other possible symptoms include foul breath, nasal pain, sneezing, snoring and mouth breathing.
Examination
The type of foreign body is extremely variable, although it is most commonly a plastic toy or bead. The foreign body is usually readily visible.
Investigations
Investigations are not usually required. Imaging is usually indicated for other possible causes such as tumour.
Treatment
Except for button batteries (see also Chapter 7.6), removal of the foreign body is not urgent. Most foreign bodies can be successfully removed in the ED with adequate preparation and planning. Prior to the attempted removal, use of a topical anaesthetic nasal spray, such as lidocaine + phenylephrine, is recommended. Sedation and/or appropriate restraint of the child may be required. A good light source and an assistant to hold the child’s head still are essential.
General anaesthesia and removal by ear, nose and throat (ENT) staff is required for the failed removal and the unco-operative child.

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