Ethylene Dibromide
Ethylene dibromide (EDB; dibromoethane, glycol dibromide, bromofume) is a volatile, nonflammable, colorless liquid with a sweet, chloroform-like odor. It is currently used as a chemical intermediary, as a gauge fluid, and as a nonflammable solvent for resins, gums, and waxes. Historically, it was in widespread use as a lead scavenger in leaded gasoline, and as a pesticide and fumigant in soil and on grains, fruits, and vegetables, but its use has been restricted since 1984. It is a suspected human carcinogen and male reproductive toxin.
The odor of EDB is not detectable at a low-enough concentration to be considered a good warning to protect against excessive exposure. EDB readily penetrates skin, cloth, and protective clothing made of rubber and leather. Absorption and toxicity can occur by inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. At high temperatures, EDB releases hydrogen bromide, bromine, and carbon monoxide gas.
Mechanism of toxicity
Liquid EDB is a severe irritant capable of causing chemical burns and vesiculation of the skin. Inhalation of vapors produces respiratory irritation and delayed-onset pulmonary edema.
Once absorbed systemically, EDB is converted to 2-bromoacetaldehyde, which becomes irreversibly bound to macromolecules, including DNA, and inhibits enzymes, causing cellular disruption and reduced glutathione levels. Metabolism involves the cytochrome P-450 system oxidative pathway (CYP2E1) and a conjugated pathway (glutathione). The liver, kidneys, and testes are principal target organs of toxicity.
Toxic dose
Inhalation
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