Learning Objectives
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Learn the common types of headache.
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Understand the difference between primary and secondary headaches.
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Develop an understanding of clinical presentation of specific headache types.
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Develop an understanding of the treatment of specific headache types.
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Develop an understanding of the differential diagnosis of postdural headache.
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Learn how to identify factors that cause concern.
Christy Stierwalt
I asked Christy if she had any other symptoms that went along with the headache and she said that other than the nausea, there was nothing else but the headache. I asked Christy if she had identified anything that triggered her headache and she immediately answered, “Anytime I try to get up. And I mean anytime . There is no break, just trying to sit up a little to nurse and my head is killing me.” I asked if she had any fever or stiff neck and she shook her head no.
I asked her what made it better and she said, “Pain meds do absolutely nothing but upset my stomach. As long as I lie flat, I am fine, but drinking fluids, a glass of wine, caffeine, nothing else helps at all.”
I asked Christy to use one finger to point at the spot where it hurt the most. She said there was nothing to point at when she was lying flat, but if she sat up, it was her entire head. I asked her what the pain was like: an ache, sharp, stabbing, pounding, burning? She immediately said, “Pounding. It feels like my head is going to explode. The worst throbbing you can imagine, and if I don’t lie down, it just gets worse and worse.” I asked Christy from the time that she sat up, how long was it until she started having headache pain. She said, “It’s almost immediate, and it worsens very quickly if I don’t lie right back down.”
On physical examination, Christy was afebrile. Her respirations were 16 and her pulse was 78 and regular. Her blood pressure was 126/80. Fundoscopic examination was normal, but Christy had an obvious sixth cranial nerve palsy on the left ( Fig. 7.1 ). I asked if she had noticed anything funny going on with her eyes, and she said that her husband had said the headaches were making her “cross-eyed,” but she thought he was just kidding around. There were no other cranial nerve abnormalities, and the remainder of her head, eyes, ears, nose throat (HEENT) examination was completely normal. Her cervical paraspinous muscles were mildly tender, but no myofascial trigger points were identified. Her cardiopulmonary examination was normal, as was her thyroid. Her abdominal examination revealed no abnormal mass or organomegaly, and there was no rebound tenderness present. There was no costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness. There was no peripheral edema. A careful neurologic examination of the upper and lower extremities revealed no evidence of weakness, lack of coordination, or peripheral or entrapment neuropathy, and her deep tendon reflexes were normal. Christy’s mental status exam was within normal limits. I asked Christy to try and sit up, which immediately triggered her headache, so I put her flat. I told her that I was pretty sure I knew what was going on, and the good news was there was an easy fix to get rid of her headaches. She smiled and said, “That’s why you get paid the big bucks!”
Key Clinical Points—What’s Important and What’s Not
The History
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Recent onset of postdural headache following an epidural block for vaginal delivery
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Headache occurs when patient moves from supine to sitting position
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Headache resolves when patient returns to supine position
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Headaches are holocranial
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Character of the headache pain is throbbing
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Patient denies fever or chills
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Patient notes the onset of nausea if remaining in the upright position
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Significant disability associated with headache; specifically, patient is unable to care for her newborn
The Physical Examination
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Patient is afebrile
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Normal fundoscopic exam
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Left sixth cranial nerve palsy is noted
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Neurologic exam is otherwise normal
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Headache triggered by moving patient from supine to sitting position
Other Findings Of Note
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Normal cardiovascular examination
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Normal pulmonary examination
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Normal abdominal examination
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No peripheral edema
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Normal upper and lower extremity neurologic examination, motor and sensory examination
What Tests Would You Like to Order?
The following tests were ordered:
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No tests were ordered.
Test Results
None
Clinical Correlation—Putting It All Together
What is the diagnosis?
Postdural puncture headache
The Science Behind the Diagnosis
Clinical Syndrome
When the dura is intentionally or accidentally punctured, the potential for headache exists. The clinical presentation of postdural puncture headache is classic and makes the diagnosis straightforward if considering this diagnostic category of headache. The diagnosis may be obscured if the clinician is unaware that dural puncture may have occurred, or in the rare instance when this type of headache occurs spontaneously after a bout of sneezing or coughing. The symptoms and rare physical findings associated with postdural puncture headache are due to low cerebrospinal fluid pressure resulting from continued leakage of spinal fluid out of the subarachnoid space.
The symptoms of postdural puncture headache begin almost immediately after the patient moves from a horizontal to an upright position ( Fig. 7.2 ). The intensity peaks within 1 or 2 minutes and abates within several minutes of the patient again assuming the horizontal position. The headache is pounding in character, and its intensity is severe, with the intensity increasing the longer the patient remains upright. The headache is almost always bilateral and located in the frontotemporal, and occipital regions. Nausea, vomiting, and dizziness frequently accompany the headache pain, especially if the patient remains upright. The headache gradually resolves within 30 minutes of the patient resuming the supine position.
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Abby Austin: A 30-Year-Old Administrative Assistant With Frequent Headaches Involving the Head and Neck
Cassandra Elliot: A 29-Year-Old Overweight Female With Constant Headache Pain That Worsens With Valsalva Maneuver
Hattie Harrison: A 77-Year-Old Female With Headache and Jaw Pain
Stephanie Ellison: A 32-Year-Old Graphic Designer With Severe Throbbing Left-Sided Headaches
Brenda Brown: A 66-Year-Old Bookkeeper With Severe, Shocklike Facial Pain
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