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Chapter 1 – Normal Parameters for Pediatric Anesthesia
Abstract
This chapter provides the reader with an easy to reference tabular guide on a host of parameters relevant to the anesthetic care of children. The reader will find useful tables on normal hemodynamic parameters for children, sizing for equipment, analgesics and references for a variety of frequently used medications. The guide should serve to acquaint novice pediatric providers and may serves as a quick reference for all providers for less commonly administered agents.
Chapter 1 Normal Parameters for Pediatric Anesthesia
Adam C.Adler
As compared to adults, the “normal values” for a variety of physiologic measurements change throughout development. Listed in this chapter is a rough guide to be used in the anesthesia care of children. As always, the patients’ baseline and co-existing illness should be carefully considered when choosing a baseline.
Table 1.1 What are the normal values for heart rate in children?
Age
Awake heart rate
Asleep heart rate
Neonates <1 month
100–125
90–160
Infants (1–12 months)
100–180
90–160
Toddlers (1–2 years)
100–140
80–120
Preschool aged (3–5 years)
80–120
65–100
School aged (6–12 years)
75–120
60–90
Adolescents (12–15 years)
60–100
50–90
Table 1.2 What are the normal values for blood pressure in children?
Age
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg)
Birth (LBW)
40–60
15–35
30–40
Birth (3 kg, term)
60–75
31–45
45–60
Neonates
65–85
35–55
45–60
Infants (1–12 months)
70–105
35-55
50–65
Toddlers (1–2 years)
85–105
40–65
50–60
Preschool aged (3–5 years)
90–110
45–70
60–70
School aged (6–12 years)
95–115
55–75
65–70
Preadolescents (10–12 years)
100–120
60–80
70–80
Adolescents (12–15 years)
110–130
65–85
75–85
Table 1.3 What are the normal values for respiratory rate in children?
Age
Respiratory rate (breaths/min)
Infants
30–55
Toddlers
22–35
Preschool aged
20–28
School aged
18–25
Adolescents
12–20
Table 1.4 What are normal values for estimated blood volume in children?
Age
Estimated blood volume (mL/kg)
Premature infants
100
Term neonates (<1 month)
90
1–12 months
80
Older children
75
Adolescents/Adults
70
Table 1.5Basic equipment sizes in children
Age
ETT size
Laryngoscope
Oral airway
Masksize
BP cuff size
<1 month3–5 kg
3.0
Miller 0–1
40
1
Neonate/#5
1–5 months6–7 kg
3.0/3.5
Miller 1–1.5
40/50
1,2
Pediatric
6–11 months10–11 kg
3.5/4.0
Miller 1–1.5
50/60
2
Pediatric
1–3 years12–14 kg
4.0/4.5
Miller 1–1.5
60
3
Pediatric
4–5 years15–18 kg
5.0/5.5
Miller 1.5–2
60
3,4
Pediatric
6–7 years15–18 kg
5.5/6.0
Miller 1.5–2
60
4
Pediatric
8–9 years19–23 kg
6.0/6.5
Miller 2, MAC 2
60/70
4
Pediatric
10–12 years24–29 kg
6.0/6.5
Miller 2, MAC 2
70/80
4,5
Pediatric
>12 years30–35 kg
5.5/6.0/6.5
Miller 2, MAC 3
70/80
5
Pediatric/small adult
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