Catheters in Regional Anesthesia

Fig. 45.1

20 G open-end epidural catheter. Scanning electron microscopy. Magnification: a, ×70; b, ×70

Fig. 45.2

20 G epidural catheter. (a) Closed-end tip of catheter. (b) Open-end tip of catheter. Scanning electron microscopy. Magnification: a and b, ×100 (b from López et al. [1]; with permission)

Fig. 45.3

20 G epidural catheter. (a) Catheter with orifice. (b) Open-end catheter. View of lateral surface. Scanning electron microscopy. Magnification: a, ×100; b, ×70

Fig. 45.4

20 G epidural catheter. (a, b) Catheters with lateral orifices, from different manufacturers. Scanning electron microscopy. Magnification: a and b, ×100

Fig. 45.5

(a) 28 G catheter. (b) 30 G microcatheter. Scanning electron microscopy. Magnification: a, ×200; b, ×100 (b from López et al. [1]; with permission)

Fig. 45.6

Catheter for peripheral anesthetic blockade. (a) Short-bevel neurostimulation needle with its respective catheter. (b) Detail of the tip of the needle. Scanning electron microscopy. Magnification: a, ×35; b, ×100

Fig. 45.7

Catheter for peripheral anesthetic blockade. (a) Needles with different design, with their respective catheters (a, b); the peripheral catheter (c) is introduced along catheter a. (b) Detail of catheter a at higher magnification. (c) Detail of catheter c at higher magnification. Scanning electron microscopy. Magnification: a, ×15; b and c, ×100

Fig. 45.8

Catheter for peripheral anesthetic blockade. (a) Needle with its respective catheter (a); epidural catheter (b) to compare with peripheral catheter (c), which is introduced along catheter a; stylette (d) of peripheral catheter c. (b) Detail at higher magnification of catheter a. (c, d) Detail at higher magnification of stylette d. Scanning electron microscopy. Magnification: a, ×15; b, ×35; c, ×100; d, ×50

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