Bromate poisoning was most common during the 1940s and 1950s, when bromate was a popular ingredient in home permanent neutralizers. Less toxic substances have been substituted for bromates in kits for home use, but poisonings still occur occasionally from professional products (bromate-containing permanent wave neutralizers have been ingested in suicide attempts by professional hairdressers). Commercial bakeries often use bromate salts to improve bread texture, and bromates are components of the fusing material for some explosives. Bromates previously were used in matchstick heads. Bromate-contaminated sugar was the cause of one reported epidemic of bromate poisoning.

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   Mechanism of toxicity. The mechanism is not known. The bromate ion is toxic to the cochlea, causing irreversible hearing loss, and nephrotoxic, causing acute tubular necrosis. Bromates may be converted to hydrobromic acid in the stomach, causing gastritis. Bromates are also strong oxidizing agents that are capable of oxidizing hemoglobin to methemoglobin.

   
   
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   Toxic dose.

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