Upper right
Upper left
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
T
S
R
Q
P
O
N
M
L
K
Lower right
Lower left
As can be seen in Table 18.2, the permanent dentition is assigned numbers 1–32 starting in the upper right third molar and continuing to the lower right third molar.
Table 18.2
Universal numbering system – Permanent dentition
Upper right | Upper left | ||||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
32 | 31 | 30 | 29 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 20 | 19 | 18 | |
Lower right | Lower left | ||||||||||||||
Palmer Notation System
The Palmer Notation system is widely used in the United Kingdom and is the primary means of identification by orthodontists. The Palmer Notation system splits the dental arch into four quadrants, starting with the central incisor following distally and posteriorly, with all four quadrants designated by a symbol (┘└ ┐┌) [5].
The primary dentition is assigned letters to the teeth from A to E in all four quadrants starting with the central incisor and moving distally, as shown in Table 18.3.
Table 18.3
Palmer notation system – Primary dentition
Upper right
Upper left
E┘
D ┘
C ┘
B ┘
A ┘
└ A
└ B
└ C
└ D
└ E
E┐
D ┐
C ┐
B ┐
A ┐
┌ A
┌ B
┌ C
┌ D
┌ E
Lower right
Lower left
The permanent dentition is assigned numbers from 1 to 8 in all four quadrants starting with the central incisor and moving distally, as shown in Table 18.4.
Table 18.4
Palmer notation system – Permanent dentition
Upper right
Upper left
8┘
7 ┘
6 ┘
5 ┘
4 ┘
3 ┘
2 ┘
1 ┘
└ 1
└ 2
└ 3
└ 4
└ 5
└ 6
└ 7
└ 8
8┐
7 ┐
6 ┐
5 ┐
4 ┐
3 ┐
2 ┐
1 ┐
┌ 1
┌ 2
┌ 3
┌ 4
┌ 5
┌ 6
┌ 7
┌ 8
Lower right
Lower left
Dental Procedures
The majority of dental procedures are performed in the dental office. For most dental procedures, local anesthesia with or without sedation is sufficient. However, there are many patient medical conditions and procedural needs that may require additional monitoring and deeper levels of sedation than can be completed in the outpatient office.
Levels of Sedation
There are varying degrees of sedation that patients can receive for dental procedures. Sedation and analgesia comprise a continuum of states ranging from minimal sedation (anxiolysis) through general anesthesia.
Minimal Sedation (Anxiolysis)
Drug induced state which patients respond normally to verbal commands
Cognitive function and coordination may be impaired
Pulmonary and cardiovascular function is unaffectedRelated posts:
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