CASE 4
Incident
The patient from Case 3 has deteriorated. You are told he is still trapped in the sitting position. However, the vehicle’s roof has been removed. The patient’s lower leg has an open fracture but appears to be free in the foot well.
Clinical information:
• P 150.
• SBP 60 mmHg.
• RR 5 and grunting.
• GCS 6 (E1, V2, M3).
• Oxygen saturation (SaO2) 80% on high-flow oxygen.
Questions
4.1 What are the principles of safe patient extrication?
4.2 How does this deterioration change your management?
Discussion
4.1 The aim is to remove the patient from the vehicle as safely and as quickly as possible. The key determinant in this plan (apart from safety) is the condition of the patient. The PHR team must decide on how to compromise between the slower, methodical extrication with total spinal control and the quicker extrication of the less stable patient. Clearly, unstable patients will need rapid extrication (see below) but the ability to predict which patients are unsuitable for prolonged extrication due to the anticipated clinical course is more challenging. It may be better to compromise a degree of spinal protection earlier rather than have an emergency (‘crash’) extrication situation develop 30 minutes later.
The Fire & Rescue Service will have access to the specialised equipment required in these scenarios. Without good teamwork between the services, the extrication will be significantly hindered.
General principles of extrication are (refer also to additional reading):
Make a plan with the Fire & Rescue Service and ensure the scene is safe
Reduce the risk of fire
• Switch ignition off.
• Move onlookers away.
• Cover any obvious leaks with sand.
• Disconnect the battery.
Consider other hazards
• Airbag safety and airbag restraints.
• Seatbelt pre-tensioners.
• Automatic roll bars.
• Leaking fluids (fuel, oil, brake fluid and battery acid).
Glass management
Deployment of specialised cutting tools
• Safety of the teams.
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